Endocast-Based Estimates

All brain region proportions are estimated from endocasts (internal casts of the braincase) and published neuroimaging data. These are approximations with inherent uncertainty. Direct brain tissue is not preserved in the fossil record.

Brain Volume Timeline

Regional Proportions

Species Brain Data

SpeciesBrain Volume (cc)Key Features
Australopithecus prometheus 428–510 Most prominent region: (prominence: 0)
Australopithecus africanus 400–560 Most prominent region: Occipital (prominence: 6.0)
Homo habilis 550–700 Most prominent region: Broca Area (prominence: 7.0)
Homo erectus 900–1100 Most prominent region: Broca Area (prominence: 7.5)
Homo heidelbergensis 1100–1400 Most prominent region: Frontal (prominence: 8.0)
Homo cepranensis 1165–1185 Most prominent region: (prominence: 0)
Homo neanderthalensis 1200–1750 Most prominent region: Frontal (prominence: 7.5)
Homo sapiens 1100–1600 Most prominent region: Prefrontal (prominence: 9.5)
Homo helmei 1280–1400 Most prominent region: (prominence: 0)
Homo sapiens idaltu 1450–1450 Most prominent region: (prominence: 0)
Homo floresiensis 380–430 Most prominent region: Frontal (prominence: 7.0)

Encephalization Quotient

Brain-to-body mass ratio standardized across species. Higher EQ indicates relatively larger brain for body size. See full comparative anatomy →

SpeciesEQLocomotion
Homo sapiens 6.20 Striding biped
Homo sapiens idaltu 5.30 Striding biped
Homo neanderthalensis 5.10 Striding biped
Homo helmei 4.80 Striding biped
Homo longi 4.20 Striding biped
Homo cepranensis 4.00 Striding biped
Homo antecessor 3.90 Striding biped
Homo erectus 3.80 Striding biped
Homo ergaster 3.50 Striding biped
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 3.40 Facultative biped
Homo rudolfensis 3.20 Obligate biped
Homo floresiensis 3.10 Obligate biped
Australopithecus sediba 2.85 Obligate biped
Homo denisova 2.80 Striding biped
Homo naledi 2.75 Obligate biped
Australopithecus africanus 2.65 Obligate biped
Australopithecus anamensis 2.55 Obligate biped
Australopithecus afarensis 2.50 Obligate biped
Australopithecus prometheus 2.50 Facultative biped
Ardipithecus ramidus 2.40 Facultative biped
Paranthropus robustus 2.35 Obligate biped
Paranthropus boisei 2.30 Obligate biped
Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.20 Obligate biped